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''Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed'' is a 2008 documentary film directed by Nathan Frankowski and starring Ben Stein. The film contends that the mainstream science establishment suppresses academics who believe they see evidence of intelligent design in nature and who criticize evidence supporting Darwinian evolution and the modern evolutionary synthesis as a "scientific conspiracy to keep God out of the nation's laboratories and classrooms." The scientific theory of evolution is portrayed by the film as contributing to fascism, the Holocaust, communism, atheism, and eugenics. The film portrays intelligent design as motivated by science, rather than religion, though it does not give a detailed definition of the phrase or attempt to explain it on a scientific level. Other than briefly addressing issues of irreducible complexity, ''Expelled'' examines it as a political issue.〔〔〔(Blogs.suntimes.com ) One spokesman comes close to articulating a thought about Intelligent Design: "If you define evolution precisely, though, to mean the common descent of all life on earth from a single ancestor via undirected mutation and natural selection -- that's a textbook definition of neo-Darwinism -- biologists of the first rank have real questions... "Intelligent Design is the study of patterns in nature that are best explained as a result of intelligence."〕 ''Expelled'' opened in 1,052 theaters, more than any other documentary before it, and grossed over $2,900,000 in its first weekend.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Documentary Movies )〕 It earned $7.7 million, making it the 25th-highest-grossing documentary film in the United States (statistics include 1982–2015, and are not adjusted for inflation).〔 The general media response to the film has been largely unfavorable. Multiple reviews, including those of ''USA Today'' and ''Scientific American'', have described the film as propaganda.〔〔"This is propaganda, a political rant disguised as a serious commentary on stifled freedom of inquiry."〕 The ''Chicago Tribune's'' rating was "1 star (poor)",〔 〕 while ''The New York Times'' described it as "a conspiracy-theory rant masquerading as investigative inquiry" and "an unprincipled propaganda piece that insults believers and nonbelievers alike."〔 It received an 8% meta-score from Rotten Tomatoes (later improved to 11% overall) where the film was summarized thus: "Full of patronizing, poorly structured arguments, ''Expelled'' is a cynical political stunt in the guise of a documentary." ''Christianity Today'' gave the film a positive review. The American Association for the Advancement of Science describes the film as dishonest and divisive propaganda, aimed at introducing religious ideas into public school science classrooms. The film has been used in private screenings to legislators as part of the Discovery Institute intelligent design campaign for Academic Freedom bills. == Overview == ''Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed'' is described by its promoters as a controversial satirical documentary.〔 Ben Stein provides narrative commentary throughout the film. He is depicted as visiting a sequence of universities to interview proponents of intelligent design who claim to have been victimized, and evolutionary scientists who are presented as atheists. The film makes considerable use of vintage film clips, including opening scenes showing the Berlin Wall being constructed as a metaphor for barriers to the scientific acceptance of intelligent design.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Beliefnet: Movie Mom - Movie Mom Nell Minow reviews movies and DVDs to advise parents )〕 The film takes aim at some scientific hypotheses of the origin of life, and presents a short animation portraying the inner workings of the cell to introduce the intelligent design concept of irreducible complexity, the claim that such complexity could not arise from spontaneous mutations. The intelligent design proponents shown include Richard Weikart, who claims that Darwinism influenced the Nazis.〔(Darwin and the Nazis ), Spectator Magazine〕 The film also associates Hitler's ambitions of a master race and the holocaust to Darwinian ideas of survival of the fittest through stock footage film clips of filmed images of Nazi concentration camp laboratories〔 as well as statements of the director of the Hadamar Memorial, where 15,000 people with disabilities were killed during WWII.〔Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed. 01:06:50.〕 The film directly addresses intelligent design only superficially, focusing on how it is treated in academia rather than on issues involving the concept itself. It makes almost no attempt to define intelligent design or show any scientific evidence in favor of intelligent design. Instead, the film deals with the subject almost entirely from a political, rather than scientific, viewpoint. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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